1 Gabatarwa
Abubuwan samfuran kumfa mai laushi na polyurethane galibi sun haɗa da toshe, ci gaba, soso, babban kumfa mai ƙarfi (HR), kumfa mai ƙima, jinkirin kumfa, kumfa microcellular da kumfa mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi.Irin wannan kumfa har yanzu yana da kimanin kashi 50% na jimlar polyurethane.Babban iri-iri tare da aikace-aikacen faɗaɗawa, an haɗa shi a fannoni daban-daban na tattalin arzikin ƙasa: kayan gida, motoci, haɓaka gida, kayan daki, jiragen ƙasa, jiragen ruwa, sararin samaniya da sauran fannoni da yawa.Tun bayan zuwan kumfa mai laushi na PU a cikin shekarun 1950, musamman bayan shigar da karni na 21, an sami tsalle-tsalle a cikin fasaha, iri-iri da fitar da kayayyaki.Babban mahimman bayanai sune: Kumfa mai laushi mai laushi na muhalli, watau koren polyurethane;ƙananan darajar VOC PU kumfa mai laushi;low atomization PU taushi kumfa;cikakken ruwa PU kumfa mai laushi;cikakken jerin MDI mai laushi kumfa;harshen wuta retardant, ƙananan hayaki, cikakken MDI jerin Kumfa;sababbin nau'ikan abubuwan da ake ƙarawa kamar su masu haɓaka nauyi mai ƙarfi na ƙwayoyin cuta, masu daidaitawa, masu kashe wuta da antioxidants;polyols tare da ƙananan unsaturation da ƙananan abun ciki na monoalcohol;matsananci-ƙananan yawa PU kumfa mai laushi tare da kyawawan kaddarorin jiki;ƙananan mita mita, ƙananan canja wuri PU kumfa mai laushi;polycarbonate diol, polyε-caprolactone polyol, polybutadiene diol, polytetrahydrofuran da sauran musamman polyols;ruwa CO2 fasahar kumfa, fasahar kumfa mara kyau, da dai sauransu.A takaice dai, fitowar sabbin nau'ikan da sabbin fasahohi sun haɓaka haɓakar kumfa mai laushi na PU.
2 Ka'idar kumfa
Don haɓaka kumfa mai laushi mai laushi na PU wanda ya dace da buƙatun, wajibi ne a fahimci ka'idar amsawar sinadarai na tsarin kumfa don zaɓar mahimman kayan albarkatun da aka dace da kayan aiki da hanyoyin masana'antu.Ci gaban masana'antar polyurethane har zuwa yau ba a cikin matakin kwaikwayo ba, amma bisa ga buƙatun aiki na samfur na ƙarshe, ana iya samun ta ta hanyar tsarin albarkatun ƙasa da fasahar roba.Kumfa polyurethane yana shiga cikin canje-canjen sinadarai a lokacin tsarin haɗin gwiwa, kuma abubuwan da ke shafar tsarin tsarin kumfa suna da rikitarwa, wanda ba wai kawai ya haɗa da halayen sinadarai tsakanin isocyanate, polyether (ester) barasa da ruwa ba, amma kuma ya haɗa da sunadarai na colloid na kumfa. .Hanyoyin sinadaran sun haɗa da tsawo na sarkar, kumfa da haɗin kai.Har ila yau, yana rinjayar tsari, ayyuka da nauyin kwayoyin halitta na abubuwan da ke shiga cikin amsawa.Gabaɗayan amsawar kira na kumfa polyurethane za a iya bayyana ta hanyar da ke gaba:
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Duk da haka, ainihin lamarin ya fi rikitarwa, kuma an taƙaita mahimman martani kamar haka:
01 Tsawaita sarkar
Multifunctional isocyanates da polyether (ester) alcohols, musamman difunctional mahadi, da sarkar tsawo ne da za'ayi kamar haka:
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A cikin tsarin kumfa, adadin isocyanate gabaɗaya ya fi na fili mai ɗauke da hydrogen mai aiki, wato, ma'aunin amsa ya fi 1, yawanci 1.05, don haka ƙarshen samfurin ƙarshe na sarkar a cikin tsarin kumfa. ya kamata ya zama ƙungiyar isocyanate
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Halin haɓakar sarkar shine babban abin da ke cikin kumfa PU, kuma shine mabuɗin kayan aikin jiki: ƙarfin injiniya, ƙimar girma, elasticity, da dai sauransu.
02 Maganin kumfa
Kumfa yana da matukar muhimmanci a cikin shirye-shiryen kumfa mai laushi, musamman ma lokacin da ake hada samfuran ƙananan ƙananan.Akwai nau'o'in kumfa na gaba ɗaya guda biyu: amfani da zafi mai zafi don vaporize ƙananan mahaɗan hydrocarbon masu tafasa, irin su HCFC-141b, HFC-134a, HFC-365mfc, cyclopentane, da dai sauransu, don cimma dalilai na kumfa, ɗayan kuma shine don amfani. ruwa da kuma isocyanate.Halin sinadaran yana haifar da adadi mai yawa na CO2 gas kumfa:
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Idan babu mai haɓakawa, ƙimar amsawar ruwa tare da isocyanates yana jinkirin.Adadin amsawar amines da isocyanates yana da sauri sosai.A saboda wannan dalili, lokacin da ake amfani da ruwa a matsayin wakili na kumfa, yana kawo adadi mai yawa na sassa masu tsauri da kuma mahadi na urea tare da babban polarity, wanda ke shafar ji, juriya da zafi na samfurori na kumfa.Don samar da kumfa tare da kyawawan kaddarorin jiki da ƙananan ƙima, wajibi ne don ƙara yawan nauyin kwayoyin halitta na polyether (ester) barasa da laushi na babban sarkar.
03 Gel aiki
Gel dauki kuma ana kiransa giciye-haɗin kai da amsawar warkewa.A cikin tsarin kumfa, gelation yana da mahimmanci.Gelation da wuri ko kuma latti zai sa ingancin samfuran kumfa ya ragu ko zama kayan sharar gida.Mafi kyawun yanayin shine cewa tsawaita sarkar, kumfa da amsa gel sun kai ga daidaito, in ba haka ba kumfa mai yawa zai yi yawa ko kumfa zai rushe.
Akwai ayyukan gelling guda uku yayin aikin kumfa:
1) Gel na mahadi masu yawa
Gabaɗaya, mahadi masu fiye da ayyuka uku na iya amsawa don samar da mahadi na tsarin jiki.Muna amfani da polyether polyols tare da fiye da uku ayyuka a cikin samar da polyurethane m kumfa.Kwanan nan, ana amfani da polyisocyanates tare da fn ≥ 2.5 a cikin ci gaba da duk tsarin MDI don inganta ƙarfin ɗaukar nauyin ƙananan kumfa.Waɗannan su ne ginshiƙai don samar da sifofi masu alaƙa da juna mai hawa uku:
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Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa nauyin kwayoyin halitta a tsakanin ma'auni masu haɗin kai tsaye yana nuna nauyin haɗin giciye na kumfa.Wato ma'anar ƙetare yana da girma, ƙarfin samfurin yana da girma, kuma ƙarfin injin yana da kyau, amma laushi na kumfa ba shi da kyau, kuma juriya da haɓaka suna da ƙasa.Nauyin kwayoyin halitta (Mc) tsakanin wuraren haɗin giciye na kumfa mai laushi shine 2000-2500, kuma kumfa mai tsauri yana tsakanin 700-2500.
2) Samuwar urea
Lokacin da aka yi amfani da ruwa azaman wakili mai kumfa, ana haifar da mahaɗan haɗin urea daidai.Yawan ruwa, yawan haɗin urea.Za su ƙara mayar da martani tare da wuce haddi na isocyanate a babban zafin jiki don samar da mahadi na biuret tare da tsari mai matakai uku:
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3) Samuwar allophanate Wani nau'in halayen haɗin kai shine cewa hydrogen akan babban sarkar urethane ya kara yin amsa tare da wuce haddi na isocyanate a babban zafin jiki don samar da haɗin allophanate tare da tsarin tsari uku:
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Samar da mahadi na biuret da mahadi na allophanate ba su dace da tsarin kumfa ba saboda waɗannan mahadi guda biyu suna da rashin kwanciyar hankali na thermal da bazuwa a yanayin zafi.Don haka, yana da mahimmanci ga mutane su sarrafa zafin jiki da isocyanate index a cikin samarwa
3 Lissafin sinadarai
Polyurethane roba kayan abu ne na roba na polymer wanda zai iya haɗa samfuran polymer daga albarkatun ƙasa a cikin mataki ɗaya, wato, abubuwan da ke cikin samfuran ana iya daidaita su kai tsaye ta hanyar canza ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun abubuwan da ke tattare da albarkatun ƙasa.Saboda haka, yadda za a yi amfani da daidaitattun ka'idodin haɗin gwiwar polymer da kafa tsarin ƙididdiga mai sauƙi yana da mahimmanci don inganta ingancin samfuran polyurethane.
01 Daidaitaccen ƙima
Abin da ake kira ƙimar daidai (E) yana nufin nauyin kwayoyin halitta (Mn) wanda ya dace da aikin naúrar (f) a cikin kwayoyin halitta;
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Misali, adadin matsakaicin nauyin kwayoyin polyether triol shine 3000, sannan ƙimarsa daidai:
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Wakilin haɗin giciye da aka saba amfani da shi MOCA, wato 4,4′-methylene bis (2 chloroamine), yana da ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta 267. Ko da yake akwai 4 aiki hydrogens a cikin kwayoyin, kawai 2 hydrogens shiga cikin isocyanate dauki.atom, don haka aikinsa f=2
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A cikin ƙayyadaddun samfur na polyether ko polyester polyol, kowane kamfani yana ba da bayanan ƙimar hydroxyl (OH) kawai, don haka ya fi dacewa don ƙididdige ƙimar daidai da ƙimar hydroxyl:
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Yana da kyau a tuna cewa ainihin ma'aunin aikin samfur yana ɗaukar lokaci sosai, kuma akwai halayen gefe da yawa.Sau da yawa, ainihin aikin triol polyether (ester) ba daidai yake da 3 ba, amma yana tsakanin 2.7 da 2.8.Don haka, ana ba da shawarar yin amfani da dabara (2), wato, ana ƙididdige ƙimar hydroxyl kuma!
02 Bukatun isocyanate
Duk mahaɗan hydrogen masu aiki zasu iya amsawa tare da isocyanate.Dangane da ka'idar amsa daidai, al'ada ce ta gama gari a cikin haɗin gwiwar PU don ƙididdige adadin isocyanate daidai da kowane bangare ya cinye a cikin dabara:
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A cikin dabara: Ws - adadin isocyanate
WP-polyether ko polyester sashi
Ep-polyether ko polyester daidai
Es-Isocyanate daidai
Matsakaicin molar I2-NCO/-OH, wato, fihirisar amsawa
ρS - tsarki na isocyanate
Kamar yadda muka sani, lokacin da ake haɗa wani prepolymer ko Semi-prepolymer tare da wani ƙimar NCO, adadin isocyanate da ake buƙata yana da alaƙa da ainihin adadin polyether da abun ciki na NCO da ake buƙata ta ƙarshe na prepolymer.Bayan taƙaitawa:
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A cikin dabara: D—— yawan juzu'in ƙungiyar NCO a cikin prepolymer
42—- Kwatankwacin darajar NCO
A cikin kumfa na yau da kullun-MDI tsarin kumfa, babban nauyin kwayoyin polyether-gyara MDI ana amfani dashi gabaɗaya don haɗar prepolymers, kuma NCO% yana tsakanin 25 da 29%, don haka dabara (4) tana da amfani sosai.
Hakanan ana ba da shawarar dabara don ƙididdige nauyin kwayoyin halitta tsakanin wuraren haɗin giciye da ke da alaƙa da yawan haɗin giciye, wanda ke da fa'ida sosai wajen ƙirƙira ƙira.Ko elastomer ne ko kumfa mai tsayin daka, ƙarfinsa yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da adadin wakili mai haɗawa:
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A cikin dabara: Mnc——matsakaicin nauyin kwayoyin lamba tsakanin maki masu haɗawa
Misali——Madaidaicin ƙimar wakili mai haɗin kai
Wg——Yawan adadin wakili mai haɗin kai
WV - adadin prepolymer
D——NCO abun ciki
4 albarkatun kasa
Kayan albarkatun kasa na polyurethane sun kasu kashi uku: mahaɗan polyol, mahaɗan polyisocyanate da ƙari.Daga cikin su, polyols da polyisocyanates sune manyan kayan albarkatun kasa na polyurethane, kuma wakilai masu taimako sune mahadi waɗanda ke haɓaka abubuwan musamman na samfuran polyurethane.
Duk mahadi tare da ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl a cikin tsarin mahaɗan kwayoyin halitta suna cikin mahaɗan polyol.Daga cikin su, kumfa na polyurethane guda biyu da aka fi amfani da su sune polyether polyols da polyester polyols.
polyol fili
Polyether polyol
Yana da wani oligomeric fili tare da wani talakawan kwayoyin nauyi na 1000 ~ 7000, wanda dogara ne a kan albarkatun kasa na petrochemical masana'antu: propylene oxide da ethylene oxide, da kuma biyu da uku ayyuka hydrogen-dauke da mahadi ana amfani da a matsayin initiators, kuma ana catalyzed kuma polymerized ta KOH..
Gabaɗaya, nauyin kwayoyin halitta mai laushi polyether polyol yana cikin kewayon 1500 ~ 3000, kuma ƙimar hydroxyl tsakanin 56 ~ 110mgKOH/g.Nauyin kwayoyin halitta na polyether polyol mai ƙarfi yana tsakanin 4500 da 8000, kuma ƙimar hydroxyl tsakanin 21 da 36 mgKOH/g.
Yana da kyau a faɗi cewa manyan nau'ikan polyether polyols waɗanda aka haɓaka a cikin 'yan shekarun nan suna da fa'ida sosai don haɓaka kayan aikin kumfa mai sassauƙa na polyurethane da rage yawan.
l Polyether polyether polyol (POP), wanda zai iya inganta ƙarfin ɗaukar nauyin nauyin kumfa mai laushi na PU, rage yawan ƙima, ƙara digiri na budewa, da kuma hana raguwa.Hakanan adadin yana ƙaruwa kowace rana
l Polyurea polyether polyol (PHD): Aikin polyether yayi kama da polymer polyether polyol, wanda zai iya inganta taurin, ƙarfin ɗaukar nauyi, da haɓaka buɗaɗɗen samfuran kumfa.An ƙara juriya na harshen wuta, kuma kumfa jerin MDI yana kashe kansa kuma ana amfani dashi sosai a Turai.l Konewa-sa polymer polyether polyol: Yana da wani nitrogen-dauke da aromatic hydrocarbon polymer grafted polyether polyol, wanda ba zai iya kawai inganta load-hali, bude-cell, taurin da sauran halaye na kumfa kayayyakin, amma kuma sa PU wurin zama matashi hada. daga gare ta.Yana da babban jinkirin harshen wuta: ma'aunin iskar oxygen ya kai 28% ko sama da haka, ƙarancin hayaki ≤60%, da saurin yaɗuwar harshen wuta.Abu ne mai kyau don motoci, jiragen kasa da kayan daki don yin matattarar wurin zama
l Low unsaturation polyether polyol: Tun da yake amfani da biyu cyanide karfe hadaddun (DMC) a matsayin mai kara kuzari, abun ciki na unsaturated biyu bonds a cikin hada polyether ne kasa da 0.010mol / MG, wato, ya ƙunshi monool The low fili, wato, da high tsarki, take kaiwa zuwa mafi kyau juriya da matsawa kafa kaddarorin HR kumfa hada bisa shi, kazalika da kyau hawaye ƙarfi da indentation factor.Ƙananan mitar rawa da aka haɓaka kwanan nan, 6Hz ƙarancin watsawa na kumfa matashin kujerar mota yana da kyau sosai.
l Hydrogenated polybutadiene glycol, wannan polyol da aka yi amfani da kwanan nan a cikin PU kumfa kayayyakin kasashen waje don ƙwarai inganta jiki Properties na kumfa, musamman yanayin juriya, danshi da zafi juriya matsawa saitin da sauran matsaloli na shekaru masu yawa, sabõda haka, mota kujera matashi. ana amfani da su a yankuna masu zafi na Afirka .
l Polyether polyols tare da babban abun ciki na ethylene oxide, gabaɗaya babban aiki polyether polyols, don haɓaka reactivity na polyethers, ƙara 15 ~ 20% EO zuwa ƙarshen lokacin haɗuwa.Abubuwan polyethers na sama sune abun ciki na EO har zuwa 80%, abun ciki na PO Akasin haka, yana da ƙasa da 40%.Yana da mabuɗin don haɓaka duk jerin MDI PU kumfa mai laushi, wanda ya kamata a kula da mutane a cikin masana'antu.
l Polyether polyols tare da aikin catalytic: galibi gabatar da ƙungiyoyin amine masu ƙarfi tare da kaddarorin kuzari ko ions ƙarfe a cikin tsarin polyether.Manufar ita ce don rage adadin kuzari a cikin tsarin kumfa, rage ƙimar VOC da ƙarancin atomization na samfuran kumfa.
l Amino-terminated polyether polyol: Wannan polyether yana da mafi girman aikin catalytic, ɗan gajeren lokacin amsawa, saurin raguwa, da ingantaccen ƙarfin samfur (musamman ƙarfin farkon farkon), sakin mold, juriya na zafin jiki, da juriya mai ƙarfi., An rage yawan zafin jiki na gine-gine, an fadada iyakar, kuma sabon nau'i ne mai ban sha'awa.
polyester polyol
Na farko polyester polyols duk suna nufin adipic acid-based polyester polyols, kuma babbar kasuwa ita ce kumfa microcellular, wanda ake amfani da shi a cikin safofin hannu.A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, sababbin iri sun bayyana daya bayan daya, suna fadada aikace-aikacen polyester polyols a cikin PUF.
l Aromatic dicarboxylic acid-gyara adipic acid tushen polyester polyol: yafi hada polyester polyol ta partially maye gurbin adipic acid tare da phthalic acid ko terephthalic acid, wanda zai iya inganta farkon ƙarfin samfurin da inganta danshi juriya da taurin, yayin da rage farashin. ;
l Polycarbonate polyol: Wannan nau'in samfurin zai iya inganta juriya na hydrolysis, juriya na yanayi, juriya da zafin jiki da taurin samfuran kumfa, kuma iri-iri ne mai ban sha'awa.
l Poly ε-caprolactone polyol: Kumfa PU da aka haɗa daga gare ta yana da kyakkyawan juriya na zafin jiki, juriya na hydrolysis da juriya abrasion, kuma dole ne a yi wasu samfuran manyan ayyuka da shi.
l polyester polyester mai ƙanshi: An haɓaka ta ta hanyar amfani da samfuran polyester na sharar gida a farkon matakin, kuma galibi ana amfani dashi a cikin kumfa mai ƙarfi na PU.Yanzu an mika shi zuwa PU taushi kumfa, wanda kuma ya cancanci kulawa
Wasu Duk wani fili mai aiki da hydrogen ana iya shafa shi zuwa PUF.Dangane da canje-canjen kasuwa da buƙatun kariyar muhalli, yana da mahimmanci don yin cikakken amfani da samfuran karkara da haɗa kumfa mai laushi na PU.
l Castor oil-based polyols: An yi amfani da waɗannan samfuran a cikin PUF tun da farko, kuma yawancinsu ana yin su ne daga man kasko mai tsafta da ba a canza su ba don yin kumfa mai tsauri.Ina ba da shawarar yin amfani da fasahar transesterification, kuma ana gabatar da alcohol masu nauyi daban-daban a cikin mai don haɗa takamaiman bayanai daban-daban.
Abubuwan da aka samo asali, ana iya yin su zuwa PUF daban-daban masu taushi da wuya.
l jerin polyols mai kayan lambu: Kwanan nan farashin mai ya shafa, irin waɗannan samfuran sun haɓaka cikin sauri.A halin yanzu, yawancin samfuran da aka haɓaka masana'antu sune samfuran waken soya da samfuran dabino, kuma ana iya amfani da man auduga ko na dabba don samar da jerin samfuran, waɗanda za'a iya amfani da su gabaɗaya, rage farashi, kuma suna da lalacewa kuma suna da alaƙa da muhalli. .
polyisocyanate
Nau'i biyu na isocyanates, TDI da MDI, ana amfani da su a cikin samar da kumfa mai sassauƙa na polyurethane, kuma ana amfani da matasan TDI / MDI da aka samo a cikin jerin HR.Saboda bukatun kariyar muhalli, masana'antar kera motoci suna da ƙarancin buƙatu don ƙimar VOC na samfuran kumfa.Saboda haka, MDI mai tsabta, danye MDI da MDI gyare-gyaren samfurori an yi amfani da su sosai a cikin kumfa mai laushi na PU a matsayin babban kayan laushi na PU.
polyol fili
Liquefied MDI
Pure 4,4′-MDI yana da ƙarfi a zafin jiki.Abin da ake kira liquefied MDI yana nufin MDI wanda aka gyara ta hanyoyi daban-daban kuma yana da ruwa a zafin jiki.Ana iya amfani da aikin MDI mai ruwa don fahimtar wane rukuni-gyara MDI yake.
l urethane-gyara MDI tare da aikin 2.0;
l Carbodiimide-gyara MDI tare da aikin 2.0;
l MDI da aka gyara tare da diazetacyclobutanone imine, aikin shine 2.2;
l MDI da aka gyara tare da urethane da diazetidinimine tare da aikin 2.1.
Yawancin waɗannan samfuran ana amfani da su a cikin samfuran gyare-gyare kamar HR, RIM, kumfa mai fatar kai, da ƙananan kumfa irin su tafin takalma.
MDI-50
Ya haɗa da 4,4'-MDI da 2,4'-MDI.Tun da yanayin narkewa na 2,4'-MDI ya fi ƙasa da zafin jiki, kimanin 15 ° C, MDI-50 ruwa ne da aka adana a dakin da zafin jiki kuma yana da sauƙin amfani.Kula da sakamako mai banƙyama na 2,4'-MDI, wanda ba shi da ƙarfi fiye da jikin 4,4' kuma ana iya daidaita shi ta hanyar mai kara kuzari.
MDI ko PAPI
Ayyukansa yana tsakanin 2.5 da 2.8, kuma ana amfani dashi gabaɗaya a cikin kumfa mai tsauri.A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, saboda dalilai na farashin, an kuma yi amfani da shi a cikin kasuwa mai laushi mai laushi, amma ya kamata a lura cewa saboda babban aikin sa, yana da mahimmanci don rage yawan haɗin kai a cikin ƙirar ƙira.Wakilin haɗin gwiwa, ko ƙara yawan filastik na ciki.
Mai taimako
mai kara kuzari
Mai haɓakawa yana da tasiri mai yawa akan kumfa polyurethane, kuma tare da shi, ana iya samun saurin samar da sauri a dakin da zafin jiki.Akwai manyan nau'o'i guda biyu na masu kara kuzari: amines na jami'a da masu kara kuzari, irin su triethylenediamine, pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, methylimidazole, A-1, da sauransu, duk suna cikin masu kara kuzari na jami'a, yayin da octoate stannous, diethylene diamine, da sauransu. Dibutyltin laurate, potassium , potassium octoate, Organic bismuth, da dai sauransu sune masu kara kuzari.A halin yanzu, nau'ikan jinkiri iri-iri, nau'in trimerization, nau'in hadaddun-nau'i da ƙananan nau'in ƙimar ƙimar VOC an haɓaka su, waɗanda kuma sun dogara ne akan nau'ikan abubuwan haɓakawa na sama.
Misali, jerin Dabco na kamfanin samar da iskar gas, ainihin albarkatun kasa shine triethylenediamine:
Dabco33LV ya ƙunshi 33% triethylenediamine/67% dipropylene glycol
l Dabco R8020 Triethylenediamine ya ƙunshi 20%/DMEA80%
l Dabco S25 triethylenediamine ya ƙunshi 25% / butanediol 75%
l Dabco8154 triethylenediamine/acid jinkirta mai kara kuzari
Dabco EG Triethylenediamine ya ƙunshi 33% / Ethylene Glycol 67%
l Dabco TMR jerin trimerization
l Dabco 8264 Compound Bubbles, Madaidaicin Matsala
l Dabco XDM low wari mai kara kuzari
A karkashin yanayin da yawa masu haɓakawa, dole ne mu fara fahimtar halaye na nau'i-nau'i daban-daban da ka'idodin aikin su don samun ma'auni na tsarin polyurethane, wato, ma'auni tsakanin saurin kumfa da saurin gelation;ma'auni tsakanin saurin gelation da ƙimar kumfa, da saurin kumfa da ma'auni na ruwa, da sauransu.
Karfe masu kara kuzari duk nau'in gel ne.Nau'in gwangwani na al'ada na al'ada yana da tasirin gel mai ƙarfi, amma rashin amfaninsu shine cewa ba su da juriya ga hydrolysis kuma suna da mummunar juriya na thermal.Fitowar kwanan nan na ƙwayoyin bismuth masu haɓaka ya kamata ya jawo hankali.Ba wai kawai yana da aikin tin catalyst ba, amma kuma yana da kyakkyawan juriya na hydrolysis da juriya na tsufa, wanda ya dace da kayan haɓakawa.
kumfa stabilizer
Yana taka rawar emulsifying kayan kumfa, daidaita kumfa da daidaita tantanin halitta, kuma yana ƙara haɓakar juna na kowane bangare, wanda ke taimakawa ga samuwar kumfa, sarrafa girman da daidaiton tantanin halitta, da haɓaka daidaiton tashin hankali kumfa.Ganuwar na roba ne don riƙe sel da hana rushewa.Ko da yake adadin kumfa stabilizer ƙarami ne, yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan tsarin tantanin halitta, kaddarorin jiki da tsarin masana'anta na PU m kumfa.
A halin yanzu, ana amfani da silicone / polyoxyalkylene ether block oligomers a China.Saboda aikace-aikacen tsarin kumfa daban-daban, rabon kashi na hydrophobic / ɓangaren hydrophilic ya bambanta, kuma canjin sarkar sarkar a ƙarshen tsarin toshe ya bambanta., don samar da silicon stabilizers ga daban-daban kumfa kayayyakin.Sabili da haka, lokacin zabar kumfa stabilizer, dole ne ku fahimci aikinsa da aikinsa, kar ku manta da shi, kada ku yi amfani da shi ba tare da nuna bambanci ba, kuma haifar da mummunan sakamako.Misali, man siliki mai laushi mai laushi ba za a iya shafa shi ga kumfa mai ƙarfi ba, in ba haka ba zai haifar da raguwar kumfa, kuma ba za a iya shafa man siliki mai ƙarfi don toshe kumfa mai laushi ba, in ba haka ba zai haifar da rushewar kumfa.
Saboda bukatun kariyar muhalli, motoci da masana'antun kayan daki suna buƙatar samfurori tare da ƙarancin atomization da ƙarancin ƙimar VOC.Kamfanoni daban-daban sun ci gaba da haɓaka ƙarancin atomization da ƙarancin ƙimar ƙimar VOC, kamar Dabco DC6070 wanda Kamfanin Kayayyakin Gas ya ƙaddamar, wanda shine ƙarancin atomization na silicone mai don tsarin TDI.;Dabco DC2525 ƙaramin siliki ne mai hazo don tsarin MDI.
wakili mai kumfa
Wakilin kumfa don kumfa mai laushi na PU shine galibi ruwa, wanda aka haɓaka ta wasu magungunan kumfa ta jiki.A cikin samar da toshe kumfa, la'akari da babban adadin ruwa a cikin ƙananan ƙananan samfurori, sau da yawa wuce 4.5 sassa da kashi 100 zai haifar da zafin jiki na ciki na kumfa ya tashi, wanda ya wuce 170 ~ 180 ° C, wanda ya haifar da konewa ba tare da bata lokaci ba. kumfa, kuma dole ne a yi amfani da wakili mai kumfa mai ƙananan tafasasshen ruwa.Ɗayan yana taimakawa wajen rage yawa, ɗayan kuma yana kawar da yawan zafin jiki mai yawa.A farkon kwanakin, an yi amfani da haɗin ruwa / F11.Saboda batutuwan kare muhalli, an dakatar da F11.A halin yanzu, ana amfani da mafi yawan samfuran rijiyar ruwa/dichloromethane da jerin ruwa/HCFC-141b.Domin samfuran silsilar dichloromethane suma suna ƙazantar da yanayi, yanayi ne na tsaka-tsaki, yayin da jerin samfuran HFC: HFC-245fa, -356mfc, da sauransu ko samfuran jerin cyclopentane duk suna da alaƙa da muhalli, amma na farko yana da tsada kuma na ƙarshe yana ƙonewa, don haka. Don saduwa da bukatun rage yawan zafin jiki, mutane sun gabatar da sababbin matakai, fasahar kumfa mara kyau, fasahar sanyaya tilastawa da fasahar CO2 ruwa don magance matsalar, manufar ita ce rage yawan ruwa ko rage yawan zafin jiki na ciki. na kumfa.
Ina ba da shawarar fasahar CO2 ruwa don samar da kumfa toshe, wanda ya fi dacewa da ƙananan masana'antu da matsakaici.A cikin fasahar LCO2, sassa 4 na LCO2 sun yi daidai da sassa 13 na MC.Dangantakar da ke tsakanin amfani da ruwa da ruwa CO2 da aka yi amfani da su don samar da kumfa na nau'i-nau'i daban-daban Girman kumfa, kg / m3 ruwa, sassa ta taro LCO2, sassa ta hanyar taro daidai MC, sassa ta taro
13.34.86.520.0
15.24.55.015.3
16.04.54.012.3
17.33.94.313.1
27.72.52.06.2
harshen wuta
Ƙunƙarar wuta da rigakafin gobara sune damuwar mutane koyaushe.Sabuwar fitowar ƙasata "Bukatun da Ka'idoji don Ayyukan Konewa na Kayayyakin Gyaran Harshen Harshen Harshen Harshen Harshen Wuta da Abubuwan da aka haɗa a Wuraren Jama'a" GB20286-2006 yana da sabbin buƙatu don jinkirin harshen.Don jinkirin harshen wuta sa 1 kumfa Bukatun filastik: a), ƙimar sakin zafi mafi girma ≤ 250KW/m2;b), matsakaicin lokacin ƙonewa ≤ 30s, matsakaicin tsayin kona ≤ 250mm;c), darajar yawan hayaki (SDR) ≤ 75;d), ƙimar gubar hayaki Ba ƙasa da matakin 2A2 ba
Wato ya kamata a yi la'akari da abubuwa uku: mai hana wuta, ƙarancin hayaki, da ƙarancin gubar hayaki.Don gabatar da buƙatu mafi girma don zaɓin masu kashe wuta, bisa ga ka'idodin da ke sama, na yi imani cewa ya fi dacewa don zaɓar nau'ikan da za su iya samar da kauri mai kauri da kuma sakin hayaki mara guba ko ƙarancin guba.A halin yanzu, shi ne mafi dace don amfani da phosphate ester tushen high kwayoyin nauyi harshen wuta retardants, ko halogen-free aromatic hydrocarbons da high zafin jiki juriya heterocyclic iri, da dai sauransu A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kasashen waje kasashen sun ɓullo da kumbura graphite harshen wuta retardant PU m kumfa. ko nitrogen heterocyclic harshen wuta retardant Magani daidai ne.
sauran
Sauran Additives, yafi hada da: pore budewa, giciye-linking jamiái, antioxidants, anti-fogging jamiái, da dai sauransu Lokacin zabar, da tasiri na Additives a kan yi na PU kayayyakin ya kamata a yi la'akari, kazalika da guba, ƙaura, karfinsu, da dai sauransu. . tambaya.
5 samfur
Don ƙarin fahimtar alaƙar da ke tsakanin dabara da aikin kumfa mai laushi na PU, an gabatar da misalan wakilai da yawa don tunani:
1. Tsarin al'ada da kaddarorin toshe polyether PU kumfa mai laushi
Polyether triol 100pbw TDI80/20 46.0pbw Organotin mai kara kuzari 0.4pbw Tertiary amine mai kara kuzari 0.2pbw Silicon kumfa stabilizer ,% 220 Ƙarfin hawaye, N/m 385 Saitin matsawa, 50% 6 90% 6 Cavitation load, kg (38cm × 35.6cm × 10cm) Lalacewar 25% 13.6 65% 25.6 Fadowa ball rebound, % 38 A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, domin saduwa da bukatun kasuwa, wasu kamfanoni sukan samar da kumfa mai ƙarancin yawa (10kg/m3).Lokacin samar da kumfa mai sassauƙa mai ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙima, ba kawai don ƙara yawan kumfa da wakili mai kumfa ba.Abin da za a iya yi dole ne a daidaita shi tare da ingantaccen kwanciyar hankali na silicon surfactant da mai kara kuzari.
Ƙirƙirar ƙima mai sauƙi mai sauƙi mai sauƙi mai sauƙi mai sauƙi: sunan matsakaici-yawan ƙananan ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙima
Akwatin ci gaba da akwatin akwatin polyether polyol 100100100100100 Ruwa 3.03.04.55.56.6 A-33 mai kara kuzari 0.20.20.20.250.18 Silicon surfactant B-81101.01.21.10n.03.02.03.02.02.10.02.02.02.33.02.02.02.02.33. .40 Wakili 7.57.512.515.034.0 TDI80/2041.444.056.073 .0103.0 Yawan yawa, kg/m3 23.023.016.514.08.0
Cylindrical kumfa dabara: EO/PO nau'in polyether polyol (OH: 56) 100pbw Ruwa 6.43pbw MC kumfa wakili 52.5pbw Silicon surfactant L-628 6.50pbw mai kara kuzari A230 0.44pbw Stannous9 octoate 0.8 pbw Sage 139pbw Kumfa yawa, kg/m3 7.5
2. Liquid CO2 co-foaming wakili don yin ƙananan kumfa
Polyether triol (Mn3000) 100 100 Ruwa 4.9 5.2 Liquid CO2 2.5 3.3 Silicone surfactant L631 1.5 1.75 B8404 Amine catalyst A133 0.28 0.30 Stanous octoate 0.7 80/20 Yawan kumfa, kg/m3 16 16
The hankula dabara ne kamar haka: Polyether triol (Mn3000) 100pbw Ruwa 4.0pbw LCO2 4.0 ~ 5.5pbw Catalyst A33 0.25pbw Silicon surfactant SC155 1.35pbw Stannous octoate D19 000M 0.208kg. 14.0 ~ 16.5
3. Cikakken MDI ƙananan ƙarancin polyurethane mai laushi kumfa
Soft PU molded kumfa ana amfani da ko'ina a cikin samar da mota kujera matashin kai.Rage yawa ba tare da shafar kaddarorin jiki ba shine makasudin ci gaba
Formula: Babban aiki polyether (OH: 26 ~ 30mgKOH/g) 80pbw Polymer polyol (OH: 23 ~ 27mgKOH/g) 20pbw Crosslinking wakili 0 ~ 3pbw Ruwa 4.0pbw Amine mai kara kuzari A-33 2.8pbw mai kara kuzari A-33 2.8pbw 1 Silicon Aiki na 8e pbw MDI index 90pbw Performance: Kumfa cibiyar yawa 34.5kg / m3 Hardness ILD25% 15.0kg / 314cm2 Ƙarfin tsaga 0.8kg / cm Ƙarfin ƙarfi 1.34kg / cm2 Ƙwaƙwalwar 120% Rebound rate 62% Dindindin (D) saitin 5. 13.5%
4. Low yawa, cikakken MDI muhalli-friendly abin hawa kujera kujera
Homologue na MDI mai tsabta: M50-wato samfurin 4,4'MDI 50% 2,4'MDI 50%, ana iya yin kumfa a cikin dakin da zafin jiki, inganta ruwa, rage yawan samfurin, da rage nauyin abin hawa, wanda shine mai cika alkawari.Samfurin:
Tsarin: High Sport Polyol
Kayayyakin jiki: Lokacin zana (s) 62 Lokacin tashi (s) 98 Ƙarfin kumfa na kyauta, kg/m3 32.7 Ƙunƙarar ɗaukar nauyi, kpa: 40% 1.5 Elongation, % 180 Ƙarfin hawaye, N/m 220
Note: *310 Auxiliary: Na sayar da shi, shi ne na musamman mika sarkar.
5. Babban juriya, jin dadi hawa PU kumfa
Kwanan nan, kasuwar ta bukaci kayan aikin kumfa kujerun kujerun su kasance ba su canzawa, amma mutane ba za su gaji da motsin kujerun kujera masu inganci ba bayan tuƙi na dogon lokaci.Bayan bincike, gabobin cikin jikin mutum, musamman ciki, suna da mitar kusan 6Hz.Idan resonance ya faru, zai haifar da tashin zuciya da amai
Gabaɗaya, watsawar girgizar kumfa mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi a 6Hz shine 1.1 ~ 1.3, wato, lokacin da abin hawa ke gudana, ba ya raunana amma yana ƙaruwa, kuma wasu samfuran dabara na iya rage girgiza zuwa 0.8 ~ 0.9.Ana ba da shawarar ƙirar samfurin yanzu, kuma watsawar girgizar ta 6Hz tana kan matakin 0.5 ~ 0.55.
Formulation: Babban aiki polyether polyol (Mn6000) 100pbw Silicon surfactant SRX-274C 1.0pbw Tertiary amine mai kara kuzari, Minico L-1020 0.4pbw Tertiary amine mai kara kuzari, Minico TMDA 0.15pbw% 3.6Npbw Waterly . 100
Kaddarorin jiki: Gabaɗaya yawa, kg/m3 48.0 25% ILD, kg/314cm2 19.9 Rebound, % 74 50% matsawa
Ƙarfin Ragewa, (Bushewa) 1.9 (Wet) 2.5 6Hz Canjin Jijjiga 0.55
6. Slow rebound ko viscoelastic kumfa
Abin da ake kira jinkirin dawo da kumfa na PU yana nufin kumfa wanda ba a mayar da shi zuwa ainihin siffarsa nan da nan bayan kumfa ya lalace ta hanyar karfi na waje, amma a hankali ya dawo da shi ba tare da ragowar nakasa ba.Yana da ingantacciyar matattarar sawa, sautin sauti, rufewa da sauran kaddarorin.Ana iya amfani da shi wajen sarrafa amo na injunan mota, goyan bayan kafet, kayan wasan yara da matasan kai na likita.
Misalin dabara: Babban aiki polyether (OH34) 40 ~ 60pbw Polymer polyether (OH28) 60 ~ 40 pbw Cross-adhesive ZY-108* 80 ~ 100 pbw L-580 1.5 pbw Catalyst 1.8 ~ 2.5 pbw Ruwan ruwa 1.8 ~ 2.5 pbw * 1.05 pbw Note: * ZY-108, wani fili na multifunctional low kwayoyin nauyi polyether ** PM-200, a saje na liquefied MDI-100, duka su ne Wanhua kayayyakin Properties: Kumfa yawa, kg / m3 150 ~ 165 Hardness, Shore A 18 ~ 15 Ƙarfin hawaye, kN/m 0.87 ~ 0.76 Tsawaitawa, % 90 ~ 130 Rebound rate, % 9 ~ 7 Lokacin farfadowa, seconds 7 ~ 10
7. Polyether Nau'in kumfa microcellular kumfa mai kauri mai jure gajiyar gajiya sau miliyan
Ana iya amfani da kumfa a kan ƙafar PU da ƙafafun tuƙi
实例： DaltocelF-435 31.64 pbw Arcol34-28 10.0 pbw DaltocelF-481 44.72 pbw Arcol2580 3.0 pbw 乙二醇6.0 pbw 傌醇6.0 pbw 1027 0.3 pbw 硅表面活性剂DC-193 0.3 pbw L1 412T 1.5 pbw Ruwa 0.44 pbw Modified MDI Suprasec2433 71 pbw
Kayayyakin jiki: Yawan kumfa: kusan 0.5g∕cm3 β-belt karkatarwa, KCS 35-50, mai kyau sosai
8. Harshen wuta, ƙananan hayaki, babban kumfa mai ƙarfi
Tare da saurin bunƙasa tattalin arziƙin ƙasa, sassa daban-daban suna da buƙatu mafi girma kuma mafi girma don ƙarancin wuta na samfuran kumfa, musamman jiragen sama, motoci, manyan motocin fasinja masu sauri, da sofas na gida, da sauransu. Nontoxic.
Bisa la'akari da halin da ake ciki a sama, marubucin da abokan aiki sun ɓullo da wani harshen retardant sa (oxygen index 28 ~ 30%), wanda yana da wani sosai low hayaki yawa (ƙimar kasa da kasa ne 74, kuma wannan samfurin ne kawai game da 50), da kuma dawo da kumfa ya kasance baya canzawa.Yana haifar da farin hayaki.
Misalin dabara: YB-3081 harshen wuta retardant polyether 50 pbw Babban aiki polyether (OH34) 50 pbw Silicone surfactant B 8681 0.8 ~ 1.0 pbw Ruwa 2.4 ~ 2.6 pbw DEOA 1.5 ~ 3 pbw Catalyst0 .
Properties na jiki: Kayan Foam, kg / m3 ≥50 ƙarfi ƙarfi, kashi 125 ≥ 28 ≤ ≥ up 28
9. Ruwa shine wakili na kumfa, duk kumfa mai dacewa da muhalli
An dakatar da wakilin kumfa na HCFC-141b gaba daya a cikin kasashen waje.Wakilin kumfa na CP yana ƙonewa.HFC-245fa da HFC-365mfc wakilin kumfa suna da tsada kuma ba za a yarda da su ba.Kumfa fata.A da, ma'aikatan PU a gida da waje kawai sun ba da hankali ga gyare-gyare na polyether da isocyanate, don haka farfajiyar kumfa ba ta da tabbas kuma yawancin ya kasance mai girma.
Yanzu ana ba da shawarar tsarin ƙira, waɗanda ke da:
l Ainihin polyether polyol ya kasance baya canzawa, kuma ana amfani da Mn5000 ko 6000 na al'ada.·
l Isocyanate ya kasance baya canzawa, C-MDI, PAPI ko MDI da aka gyara ana iya amfani da su.
l Yi amfani da ƙari na musamman SH-140 don magance matsalar.·
Tsarin asali:
l Babban aiki polyether triol Mn5000 65pbw
l SH-140* 35pbw
l Tsawon sarkar: 1,4-butanediol 5pbw
l Wakilin haɗin kai: glycerol 1.7pbw
l Wakilin buɗewa: K-6530 0.2 ~ 0.5pbw
l Catalyst A-2 1.2 ~ 1.3pbw
l Manna launi daidai adadin l Ruwa 0.5pbw
l MR-200 45pbw
Lura: *SH-140 shine samfurin mu
Jiki Properties: da overall yawa na kumfa ne 340 ~ 350kg / m3
Products: m surface, m ɓawon burodi, low yawa.
Lokacin aikawa: Agusta-12-2022